Can brain-computer interface training improve your ability to catch mistakes?

The brain uses visual cues to coordinate muscle movement. When the motor commands and sensory feedback are out of alignment, visuo-motor errors occur. Rapid perception of these errors allows for correction, which is important in all aspects of life—from preventing falls in the aging to enabling precision in surgery. A new study, published by Wiley in Advanced Science, showed that training with feedback from brain electrical activity, called brain-computer interface training, improves detection of subtle visuo-motor errors.

Quantified using electroencephalogram (EEG) tests, the brain emits characteristic electrical signature, called the error-related potential (ErrP), when individuals recognize an error committed by themselves or others. One component of the ErrP, a positive deflection known as the error positivity (Pe), specifically emerges when an individual becomes consciously aware of the error. Researchers hypothesized that Pe can be modified through learning to enhance perception of visuo-motor errors.

To determine whether feedback on the brain’s electrical activity can improve perceptual learning, researchers compared their brain-computer interface training with traditional behavioral training. Participants completed a task in which they used a joystick to move a cursor towards a target in a straight line. In random trials, the cursor trajectory was altered with different rotation magnitudes to introduce a visuo-motor error. The behavioral training group recorded whether they observed a rotation in each trial and subsequently received feedback on their response. After completing the same task, the brain-computer interface training group saw whether their EEG registered an ErrP as feedback. Participants in both groups completed training every day for five consecutive days.

The researchers found that the amplitude of the Pe increased when the participant perceived a rotation in the trial and, over the five days of training, Pe amplitude increased overall as participants’ error perception improved. Behavioral training improved the perception of visuo-motor errors for larger rotations, but not smaller rotations. In contrast, brain-interface training resulted in accelerated learning and improved perception of smaller visuo-motor errors. EEG revealed contributions from the parts of the brain that control decision-making and visuospatial processing.

These findings suggest that brain-computer interface training is more effective than conventional behavioral training at improving the perception of small visuo-motor errors. Safer than pharmacological strategies for improving perceptual learning, future applications of this intervention include strengthening cognitive function in neuropsychiatric patients and facilitating dynamic responses in motorsport drivers.

“This approach targets the neural signature of error awareness itself, not just behavior. By decoding the Pe component in real time and feeding it back to participants, we help the brain amplify its own marker of conscious error detection—something conventional training can’t do once errors get too subtle to notice. That lets us drive learning gains for exactly the small errors that behavioral training alone couldn’t touch,” said senior author José del R. Millán, PhD, of the University of Texas at Austin in the United States.

Additional information

Full Citation:
“Brain-computer interface training fosters perceptual skills to detect errors.” Deland H. Liu, Fumiaki Iwane, Minsu Zhang, Leonardo G. Cohen, and José del R. Millán. Advanced Science; Published Online: July 13, 2026 (DOI: 10.1002/advs.76153).

URL: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/advs.76153

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